For several decades, researchers have examined possible links between cognitive functioning and belief in paranormal phenomena such as psychokinesis, hauntings, and clairvoyance.
After reviewing 71 studies that investigated the relationships between belief in paranormal phenomena and cognitive functioning, most of the findings align with the hypothesis that such beliefs are related to cognitive differences or deficits.
Specifically, Charlotte E. Dean and her colleagues at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, presented this assessment in the journal PLOS ONE on May 4.
For several decades, researchers have examined possible links between cognitive functioning and belief in paranormal phenomena such as psychokinesis, hauntings, and clairvoyance.
However, approximately 30 years have passed since a non-systematic review of this literature was last undertaken. To provide up-to-date knowledge about the findings and quality of studies on this topic.
Dean and her colleagues identified and systematically evaluated 70 published studies and one unpublished doctoral dissertation conducted between 1980 and 2020.
The 71 studies investigated a range of cognitive functions, including reasoning ability, thinking and memory. Overall, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that paranormal beliefs are associated with differences or deficits in cognitive functioning. For example, a highly consistent correlation was found between paranormal beliefs and an intuitive thinking style.
The review found that most of the 71 studies were of good methodological quality and that quality has improved over time.
For example, most had clear objectives and appropriate study designs.
However, some parameters emerged that need further analysis. For example, in many studies there was no discussion of methodological limitations and undergraduate students made up the majority of study participants, meaning that the findings may not necessarily apply to the general population.
“Four decades of research show that belief in the paranormal is linked to our degree of cognitive flexibility and fluid intelligence, however, methodological improvements are needed in future research to further understand this relationship,” the researchers comment.
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