Damage to the brain stem, the brain’s “control center”, as a result of Covid-19 infection is behind the long-term physical and psychiatric effects of the disease, according to research published in the journal Brain.

Researchers from the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford used ultra-high resolution MRI scanners to scan the brains of 30 people admitted to hospital with severe Covid-19 infection early in the pandemic and before vaccines were available.

3D views of the brainstem of healthy participants (top) and patients (bottom). Credit: University of Cambridge

As they found, the Covid-19 infection creates damage in the brainstem region associated with shortness of breath, fatigue and anxiety.

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and is the control center that regulates many basic vital functions, such as breathing, heart rate, pain and blood pressure.

The researchers point out that these results could help understand other diseases associated with brainstem inflammation, such as multiple sclerosis and dementia.